Item Slam
Patch 7.41f
Force Staff in patch 7.41f: WPA of the purchase on 29 heroes, by role and build slot, against the other items bought in the same slot. Highest WPA, still inconclusive: Ogre Magi support, 1st item (+3.58 pp).
WPA of the item against the other items bought in the same slot, in matches of every rank. Slots with fewer than 30 purchases are left out.
| Hero | Role | Slot | Purchases | WPA | 95% CI | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Ogre Magi | Support | 1st item | 77 (1.4%) | +3.58 | −2.38 to +8.13 | Inconclusive |
 Witch Doctor | Support | 1st item | 287 (2.6%) | +2.63 | −1.52 to +6.32 | Inconclusive |
| Witch Doctor | Support | 3rd item | 271 (4.0%) | +1.82 | −0.67 to +4.69 | Inconclusive |
 Invoker | Support | 2nd item | 230 (8.4%) | +1.34 | −1.34 to +3.95 | Inconclusive |
 Magnus | Support | 4th+ item | 50 (7.4%) | +0.65 | −1.64 to +3.08 | Inconclusive |
 Lion | Support | 2nd item | 1,606 (12.5%) | +0.62 | −0.78 to +2.12 | Inconclusive |
| Magnus | Support | 3rd item | 187 (14.5%) | +0.53 | −2.15 to +2.58 | Inconclusive |
| Magnus | Core | 4th+ item | 169 (2.6%) | +0.33 | −2.30 to +2.48 | Inconclusive |
 Earthshaker | Support | 2nd item | 139 (3.0%) | +0.31 | −4.04 to +4.13 | Inconclusive |
| Witch Doctor | Support | 2nd item | 315 (3.3%) | +0.18 | −3.80 to +3.81 | Inconclusive |
 Pudge | Support | 4th+ item | 616 (5.2%) | +0.00 | −2.34 to +1.91 | Inconclusive |
 Rubick | Core | 2nd item | 71 (2.3%) | −0.00 | −3.98 to +3.99 | Inconclusive |
 Necrophos | Core | 1st item | 30 (0.2%) | −0.01 | −8.96 to +6.96 | Inconclusive |
 Snapfire | Support | 3rd item | 507 (12.5%) | −0.01 | −2.32 to +2.11 | Inconclusive |
| Necrophos | Core | 3rd item | 56 (0.5%) | −0.16 | −5.80 to +4.86 | Inconclusive |
| Magnus | Core | 3rd item | 295 (5.1%) | −0.17 | −2.96 to +2.41 | Inconclusive |
 Winter Wyvern | Support | 2nd item | 2,485 (20.6%) | −0.28 | −1.31 to +0.95 | Inconclusive |
 Shadow Shaman | Support | 4th+ item | 188 (6.5%) | −0.30 | −2.62 to +1.86 | Inconclusive |
 Crystal Maiden | Support | 1st item | 418 (4.1%) | −0.38 | −4.38 to +2.99 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Support | 3rd item | 173 (9.7%) | −0.41 | −3.44 to +2.09 | Inconclusive |
| Winter Wyvern | Support | 1st item | 902 (5.9%) | −0.48 | −3.23 to +2.03 | Inconclusive |
| Winter Wyvern | Core | 2nd item | 210 (40.0%) | −0.48 | −1.93 to +1.14 | Inconclusive |
 Bounty Hunter | Support | 2nd item | 1,462 (10.8%) | −0.54 | −2.36 to +1.15 | Inconclusive |
| Winter Wyvern | Support | 3rd item | 1,175 (18.5%) | −0.61 | −1.92 to +0.81 | Inconclusive |
 Dark Willow | Support | 3rd item | 331 (3.9%) | −0.68 | −3.36 to +1.98 | Inconclusive |
| Crystal Maiden | Support | 2nd item | 695 (7.4%) | −0.68 | −2.96 to +1.72 | Inconclusive |
| Shadow Shaman | Support | 2nd item | 385 (5.1%) | −0.75 | −3.42 to +2.27 | Inconclusive |
| Lion | Support | 4th+ item | 330 (6.8%) | −0.80 | −2.54 to +1.16 | Inconclusive |
| Snapfire | Support | 1st item | 291 (4.8%) | −0.92 | −4.98 to +3.31 | Inconclusive |
| Ogre Magi | Support | 2nd item | 318 (6.7%) | −0.94 | −4.05 to +1.94 | Inconclusive |
| Pudge | Support | 3rd item | 1,459 (7.0%) | −0.95 | −2.72 to +0.54 | Inconclusive |
| Rubick | Core | 3rd item | 41 (1.5%) | −0.97 | −4.83 to +2.64 | Inconclusive |
 Grimstroke | Support | 3rd item | 155 (3.8%) | −1.01 | −3.65 to +1.60 | Inconclusive |
| Rubick | Core | 4th+ item | 39 (0.9%) | −1.04 | −4.83 to +2.17 | Inconclusive |
| Lion | Support | 3rd item | 887 (11.2%) | −1.07 | −3.08 to +0.79 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Core | 3rd item | 373 (2.8%) | −1.07 | −3.46 to +1.35 | Inconclusive |
| Dark Willow | Support | 1st item | 202 (1.6%) | −1.09 | −5.19 to +2.67 | Inconclusive |
| Dark Willow | Support | 2nd item | 397 (3.5%) | −1.12 | −4.06 to +1.86 | Inconclusive |
 Zeus | Core | 3rd item | 50 (2.3%) | −1.12 | −5.14 to +2.95 | Inconclusive |
| Necrophos | Core | 4th+ item | 77 (0.3%) | −1.12 | −5.21 to +3.17 | Inconclusive |
| Winter Wyvern | Support | 4th+ item | 237 (8.6%) | −1.13 | −3.82 to +1.09 | Inconclusive |
| Dark Willow | Support | 4th+ item | 290 (5.0%) | −1.15 | −3.74 to +1.50 | Inconclusive |
| Grimstroke | Support | 4th+ item | 66 (2.9%) | −1.17 | −3.64 to +1.28 | Inconclusive |
| Winter Wyvern | Core | 3rd item | 61 (13.7%) | −1.18 | −3.49 to +0.88 | Inconclusive |
 Skywrath Mage | Support | 2nd item | 237 (4.0%) | −1.23 | −4.68 to +2.19 | Inconclusive |
| Pudge | Support | 2nd item | 1,916 (5.8%) | −1.24 | −2.92 to +0.23 | Inconclusive |
| Necrophos | Core | 2nd item | 44 (0.3%) | −1.34 | −6.92 to +4.25 | Inconclusive |
| Winter Wyvern | Core | 1st item | 91 (16.4%) | −1.35 | −5.32 to +2.47 | Inconclusive |
 Hoodwink | Support | 2nd item | 1,466 (10.7%) | −1.36 | −3.29 to +0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Support | 1st item | 110 (3.4%) | −1.36 | −6.39 to +3.73 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Support | 4th+ item | 50 (4.1%) | −1.36 | −4.45 to +1.15 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Core | 2nd item | 1,669 (10.7%) | −1.40 | −3.38 to +0.02 | Inconclusive |
| Pudge | Core | 4th+ item | 66 (0.4%) | −1.40 | −3.81 to +1.22 | Inconclusive |
 Undying | Support | 2nd item | 265 (4.0%) | −1.42 | −5.16 to +1.68 | Inconclusive |
 Disruptor | Support | 4th+ item | 45 (5.3%) | −1.45 | −3.86 to +1.33 | Inconclusive |
 Lich | Support | 2nd item | 438 (4.3%) | −1.45 | −3.87 to +0.97 | Inconclusive |
| Snapfire | Support | 4th+ item | 210 (6.5%) | −1.47 | −4.00 to +1.30 | Inconclusive |
| Lich | Support | 4th+ item | 182 (4.1%) | −1.48 | −3.73 to +1.03 | Inconclusive |
| Zeus | Support | 1st item | 131 (1.9%) | −1.52 | −6.90 to +3.28 | Inconclusive |
| Snapfire | Core | 3rd item | 121 (2.4%) | −1.56 | −5.33 to +2.71 | Inconclusive |
 Spirit Breaker | Support | 2nd item | 45 (0.3%) | −1.57 | −7.07 to +4.05 | Inconclusive |
| Bounty Hunter | Support | 3rd item | 876 (9.7%) | −1.62 | −3.45 to +0.22 | Inconclusive |
 Techies | Support | 4th+ item | 142 (3.1%) | −1.64 | −4.23 to +0.81 | Inconclusive |
| Bounty Hunter | Support | 1st item | 504 (3.2%) | −1.65 | −4.96 to +1.31 | Inconclusive |
 Mirana | Support | 1st item | 193 (1.1%) | −1.68 | −5.87 to +3.44 | Inconclusive |
| Techies | Support | 2nd item | 1,040 (8.2%) | −1.70 | −3.62 to +0.11 | Inconclusive |
| Rubick | Support | 2nd item | 1,432 (6.9%) | −1.70 | −3.49 to +0.08 | Inconclusive |
| Mirana | Support | 2nd item | 573 (4.0%) | −1.77 | −4.71 to +0.68 | Inconclusive |
| Disruptor | Support | 3rd item | 154 (4.8%) | −1.85 | −4.49 to +0.83 | Inconclusive |
| Witch Doctor | Support | 4th+ item | 142 (3.3%) | −1.93 | −4.99 to +1.13 | Inconclusive |
| Ogre Magi | Support | 4th+ item | 78 (2.8%) | −2.00 | −5.81 to +1.02 | Inconclusive |
 Nyx Assassin | Support | 3rd item | 237 (5.0%) | −2.01 | −4.50 to +0.70 | Inconclusive |
| Magnus | Support | 2nd item | 666 (31.9%) | −2.02 | −4.00 to −0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Core | 4th+ item | 276 (1.3%) | −2.08 | −4.77 to +0.39 | Inconclusive |
| Pudge | Core | 3rd item | 57 (0.4%) | −2.25 | −5.40 to +0.74 | Inconclusive |
| Snapfire | Support | 2nd item | 439 (7.9%) | −2.31 | −4.74 to +0.20 | Inconclusive |
| Ogre Magi | Support | 3rd item | 177 (5.2%) | −2.35 | −5.73 to +0.97 | Inconclusive |
| Mirana | Support | 4th+ item | 141 (2.3%) | −2.39 | −5.01 to +0.42 | Inconclusive |
| Shadow Shaman | Support | 3rd item | 330 (6.5%) | −2.46 | −5.07 to +0.12 | Inconclusive |
| Techies | Support | 1st item | 553 (3.5%) | −2.47 | −5.57 to +0.82 | Inconclusive |
| Lich | Support | 3rd item | 300 (4.1%) | −2.51 | −5.42 to −0.14 | Inconclusive |
| Zeus | Core | 4th+ item | 139 (2.9%) | −2.53 | −6.11 to +0.65 | Inconclusive |
| Nyx Assassin | Support | 4th+ item | 148 (5.8%) | −2.53 | −5.13 to −0.28 | Inconclusive |
| Snapfire | Core | 4th+ item | 75 (0.9%) | −2.56 | −5.72 to +0.56 | Inconclusive |
| Grimstroke | Support | 2nd item | 271 (3.9%) | −2.63 | −6.18 to +0.45 | Inconclusive |
| Earthshaker | Support | 3rd item | 427 (12.1%) | −2.73 | −5.49 to −0.42 | Inconclusive |
 Axe | Core | 4th+ item | 120 (0.6%) | −2.74 | −7.23 to +1.86 | Inconclusive |
| Rubick | Support | 1st item | 1,013 (4.4%) | −2.76 | −5.54 to −0.28 | Inconclusive |
| Skywrath Mage | Support | 3rd item | 111 (2.9%) | −2.78 | −5.48 to +0.34 | Inconclusive |
| Hoodwink | Support | 3rd item | 779 (8.5%) | −2.78 | −4.74 to −0.78 | Inconclusive |
| Bounty Hunter | Support | 4th+ item | 290 (5.2%) | −2.81 | −5.11 to −0.57 | Inconclusive |
| Invoker | Core | 1st item | 104 (0.6%) | −2.94 | −7.89 to +1.83 | Inconclusive |
| Techies | Support | 3rd item | 434 (5.9%) | −2.94 | −5.22 to −0.46 | Inconclusive |
| Rubick | Support | 3rd item | 783 (4.9%) | −2.94 | −4.89 to −0.77 | Inconclusive |
| Undying | Support | 3rd item | 175 (4.6%) | −3.06 | −6.29 to +0.02 | Inconclusive |
| Crystal Maiden | Support | 3rd item | 427 (6.3%) | −3.12 | −5.46 to −0.07 | Inconclusive |
| Nyx Assassin | Support | 2nd item | 314 (3.9%) | −3.41 | −6.60 to −0.46 | Inconclusive |
| Hoodwink | Support | 1st item | 662 (4.1%) | −3.42 | −6.28 to −0.56 | Inconclusive |
| Pudge | Core | 2nd item | 53 (0.3%) | −3.45 | −7.22 to +0.70 | Inconclusive |
| Undying | Support | 1st item | 255 (3.0%) | −3.46 | −7.10 to +0.27 | Inconclusive |
| Rubick | Support | 4th+ item | 663 (4.7%) | −3.51 | −5.71 to −1.39 | Inconclusive |
| Grimstroke | Support | 1st item | 288 (3.3%) | −3.52 | −6.93 to +0.99 | Inconclusive |
| Lion | Support | 1st item | 300 (1.9%) | −3.56 | −7.56 to −0.35 | Inconclusive |
| Zeus | Support | 3rd item | 75 (1.8%) | −3.58 | −7.15 to +0.04 | Inconclusive |
| Skywrath Mage | Support | 4th+ item | 37 (1.1%) | −3.60 | −6.26 to −0.92 | Inconclusive |
| Earthshaker | Support | 4th+ item | 248 (8.7%) | −3.62 | −6.24 to −1.26 | Inconclusive |
| Earthshaker | Core | 4th+ item | 52 (0.4%) | −3.80 | −6.83 to −0.57 | Inconclusive |
| Zeus | Support | 4th+ item | 86 (1.6%) | −3.87 | −6.84 to −0.36 | Inconclusive |
| Snapfire | Core | 2nd item | 30 (0.5%) | −3.90 | −8.17 to +0.36 | Inconclusive |
| Magnus | Core | 2nd item | 658 (9.2%) | −4.13 | −6.52 to −1.71 | ✕ Worse |
| Zeus | Support | 2nd item | 108 (1.8%) | −4.72 | −8.33 to −0.71 | Inconclusive |
| Disruptor | Support | 2nd item | 367 (4.5%) | −4.75 | −7.54 to −1.18 | Inconclusive |
| Mirana | Support | 3rd item | 326 (3.7%) | −4.85 | −7.57 to −1.65 | Inconclusive |
 Tidehunter | Core | 4th+ item | 36 (0.3%) | −4.95 | −9.31 to −0.34 | Inconclusive |
| Hoodwink | Support | 4th+ item | 317 (5.1%) | −5.15 | −7.77 to −2.74 | Inconclusive |
| Undying | Support | 4th+ item | 63 (3.3%) | −5.31 | −8.42 to −2.00 | Inconclusive |
| Skywrath Mage | Support | 1st item | 220 (3.1%) | −5.53 | −9.13 to −0.81 | Inconclusive |
| Crystal Maiden | Support | 4th+ item | 190 (3.8%) | −5.59 | −8.69 to −2.88 | Inconclusive |
| Lich | Support | 1st item | 680 (6.0%) | −5.74 | −8.14 to −3.05 | Inconclusive |
| Disruptor | Support | 1st item | 586 (5.0%) | −5.85 | −8.87 to −2.90 | Inconclusive |
| Shadow Shaman | Support | 1st item | 118 (1.3%) | −6.72 | −11.15 to −2.16 | Inconclusive |
| Pudge | Support | 1st item | 894 (2.3%) | −6.94 | −9.38 to −4.46 | Inconclusive |
| Nyx Assassin | Support | 1st item | 239 (2.3%) | −7.23 | −11.69 to −2.94 | Inconclusive |
 Legion Commander | Core | 4th+ item | 48 (0.5%) | −8.71 | −14.15 to −3.04 | Inconclusive |
Win probability added: how much choosing an item changed the chance of winning, in percentage points, compared with what the hero usually buys in that same slot and situation. +1.0 means the choice won 1 percentage point more than the typical purchase. Unlike raw win rate, it accounts for the game state when the item was bought, so an item bought from ahead doesn't look good just because the game was already won.
1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th+ count completed items. Components that become another item in most matches (Perseverance, Dragon Lance, Kaya) do not take a slot: the item they build into does. Boots get a card of their own.
The ✓ Better or ✕ Worse badge only appears when the effect passes the false discovery control (10%) in both ways of measuring: at the start of the decision and at the moment of purchase. Without a badge, the sign of the WPA is a trend.
Ranked (All Pick) matches parsed by OpenDota in the current patch. One model estimates the chance of winning from the game state; another, the effect of each item at the time of the decision. It is association, not causation: the model sees the game, not who is playing.